# Intro — The Programmable Middle Layer - Trends in peptide drug discovery (Muttenthaler et al., 2021) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41573-020-00135-8 - Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions (Wang et al., 2022) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-022-00904-4 - Advance in peptide-based drug development: delivery platforms, therapeutics and vaccines (Xiao et al., 2025) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-02107-5 # From Hormone Analogues to a Modality - The Current State of Peptide Drug Discovery: Back to the Future? (Henninot, Collins, Nuss, 2018) - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28737935/ - Discovery, characterization, and clinical development of the glucagon-like peptides (Drucker et al., 2017) - https://www.jci.org/articles/view/97233 - How Biologics Have Changed the Drug Discovery Landscape (McGonigle, 2025) - https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080811 # Paying Down the Peptide Tax - Advances in oral peptide therapeutics (Drucker, 2020) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41573-019-0053-0 - Derivatization with fatty acids in peptide and protein drug discovery (Kurtzhals, Østergaard, Nishimura, Kjeldsen, 2023) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41573-022-00529-w # When Peptides Win — A Three-Axis Framework - Back to therapeutic modality basics (Mullard, 2025) - https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-025-00072-4 - Constrained peptides' time to shine? (Morrison, 2018) - https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2018.125 - Frameworks for transformational breakthroughs in RNA-based medicines (Androsavich, 2024) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41573-024-00943-2 - Advances in oligonucleotide drug delivery (Roberts, Langer, Wood, 2020) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41573-020-0075-7 - Landscape of small nucleic acid therapeutics: moving from the bench to the clinic as next-generation medicines (Wang et al., 2025) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-02112-8 # The GLP-1 Proof - Redefining peptide therapeutics with semaglutide (Kruse & Østergaard, 2024) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41557-023-01434-4 - The expanding landscape of GLP-1 medicines (Drucker, 2026) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-025-04124-5 - Advances in incretin-based drug discovery in 2025 (Müller, 2025) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-025-01219-4 - Another GLP-1 Year (Derek Lowe, In the Pipeline, 2025) - https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/another-glp-1-year - The GLP-1 Saga Continues, And How (Derek Lowe, In the Pipeline) - https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/glp-1-saga-continues-and-how # Expanding the Target Surface — Cyclic Peptides and Conjugates - Cyclic Peptides for Drug Development (Ji, Nielsen, Heinis, 2024) - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/anie.202308251 - The coming of age of cyclic peptide drugs: an update on discovery technologies (You et al., 2024) - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17460441.2024.2367024 - Accurate de novo design of high-affinity protein-binding macrocycles using deep learning (Rettie et al., 2025) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41589-025-01929-w - Peptide-Drug Conjugates: A New Hope for Cancer (Armstrong et al., 2025) - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/psc.70040 # Manufacturing is the Other Bottleneck - Enzymatic synthesis of peptide therapeutics (Nature Chemical Biology, 2024) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41589-024-01658-6 - Amino acid composition drives aggregation during peptide synthesis (Nature Chemistry, 2026) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41557-026-02090-0 # The Orforglipron Tension - FDA approves first new molecular entity under National Priority Voucher program — Foundayo (orforglipron), Apr 1, 2026 - https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-new-molecular-entity-under-national-priority-voucher-program - Proteins as Oral Drugs: Possible, But Not Probable (Derek Lowe, In the Pipeline) - https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/proteins-oral-drugs-possible-not-probable